Menopause (also known as the “transition period” or “climacteric”) is a natural phase in a woman’s life during which menstruation ceases and she is no longer fertile. Menopause is usually defined as the time when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 consecutive months. At any given moment, about 30% of the world’s women are either peri- or postmenopausal. On average, women spend about 40% of their lifetime in postmenopause. Below, we list some key topics related to menopause.

1. Definition and stages::
   • Perimenopause – The transition period before menopause, characterized by hormonal fluctuations. Perimenopause can begin as early as the mid-30s and last 4–8 years.
   • Menopause: The time when menstruation ends and a woman has had no menstrual periods for 12 consecutive months. Menopause typically begins around the age of 51, but it can start anytime between 45 and 55.
   • Postmenopause: The time after menopause.
2. Symptoms:
   • Hot flashes: Sudden sensations of heat, often intense, usually strongest in the upper body.
   • Night sweats: Hot flashes occurring at night, causing sweating and sleep disturbances.
   • Irregular periods: Fluctuations in menstrual cycle length and flow before menopause.
   • Vaginal dryness: Reduced moisture and elasticity in vaginal tissues.
   • Mood changes: Increased likelihood of mood swings, depression, and anxiety.
   • Sleep problems: Difficulty falling or staying asleep.
3. Hormonal changes:
   • Decline in estrogen and progesterone levels.
   • Effects on the endocrine system* and overall hormonal balance.
     * The endocrine system includes hormone-secreting cells, glands, receptors, tissues, organs, and corresponding chemical signaling molecules.
4. Health effects:
   • Bone Health: Increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures due to reduced bone density.
   • Cardiovascular health: Higher risk of heart disease.
   • Weight gain: Changes in metabolism and body composition.
5. Management and treatment:
   • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): Medications to replace estrogen and progesterone.
   • Non-hormonal treatments: Lifestyle changes, herbal remedies, and non-hormonal medications.
   • Diet and exercise: Importance of nutrition and physical activity in managing symptoms and maintaining health.
6. Psychological impact:
   • Effects on mental health and overall well-being.
   • Importance of social support and counseling.
7. Sexual health:
   • Changes in libido and sexual function.
   • Managing discomfort during intercourse.
8. Cultural and social perspectives:
   • Different cultural attitudes and beliefs about menopause.
   • Influence of societal views on women’s experiences during menopause.
9. Long-term health considerations:
   • Monitoring and managing long-term health risks.
   • Preventive health measures and screenings.
10. Research and developments:
    • Ongoing studies on menopause and its effects.
    • New treatments and therapies in development.